Expandable device for insertion between anatomical structures and a procedure utilizing same

ABSTRACT

A surgical implantation procedure and a device for performing same according to which an expandable member is inserted between anatomical structures and expanded in one plane to cause relative movement between the structures. The expansion is terminated when the structures are in a predetermined spatial relationship.

BACKGROUND

The present invention relates to an expandable device for insertion between anatomical structures and a procedure utilizing same.

It is often desirable to insert a device between anatomical structures for several reasons. For example, it can be inserted between two structures in a manner so that it engages the structures and serves as an implant for stabilizing the structures and absorbing shock. Alternately, a device can be temporarily inserted between the structures and function to distract the structures to permit another device, such as a prosthesis, to be implanted between the structures. According to another example, a device can be inserted between the structures and distract the structures to permit another surgical procedure to be performed in the space formed by the distraction, after which the device is released and removed.

Although devices have been designed for one or more of the above uses they are not without problems. For example, it is often difficult to insert the device without requiring excessive invasion of the anatomy, damage to the adjacent anatomical structures, or over-distraction. Embodiments of the present invention improve upon these techniques and various embodiments of the invention may possess one or more of the above features and advantages, or provide one or more solutions to the above problems existing in the prior art.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1 is a side elevational view of an adult human vertebral column.

FIG. 2 is a posterior elevational view of the column of FIG. 1.

FIG. 3 is an elevational view of one of the vertebrae of the column of FIGS. 1 and 2.

FIG. 4A is an isometric view of a device for implantation in the column of FIGS. 1-3.

FIG. 4B is a view similar to that of FIG. 4A but depicting the device of FIG. 4A in an expanded condition.

FIG. 5A is a enlarged, partial, isometric view of a portion of the column of FIGS. 1 and 2, including the lower three vertebrae of the column, with the device of FIG. 4A implanted between two adjacent vertebrae.

FIG. 5B is a view similar to that of FIG. 5A, but depicting the device of FIG. 4A in an expanded condition.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

With reference to FIGS. 1 and 2, the reference numeral 10 refers, in general, to the lower portion of a human vertebral column. The column 10 includes a lumbar region 12, a sacrum 14, and a coccyx 16. The flexible, soft portion of the column 10, which includes the thoracic region and the cervical region, is not shown.

The lumbar region 12 of the vertebral column 10 includes five vertebrae V1, V2, V3, V4 and V5 separated by intervertebral discs D1, D2, D3, and D4, with the disc D1 extending between the vertebrae V1 and V2, the disc D2 extending between the vertebrae V2 and V3, the disc D3 extending between the vertebrae V3 and V4, and the disc D4 extending between the vertebrae V4 and V5.

The sacrum 14 includes five fused vertebrae, one of which is a superior vertebrae V6 separated from the vertebrae V5 by a disc D5. The other four fused vertebrae of the sacrum 14 are referred to collectively as V7. A disc D6 separates the sacrum 14 from the coccyx 16, which includes four fused vertebrae (not referenced).

With reference to FIG. 3, the vertebrae V5 includes two laminae 20 a and 20 b extending to either side (as viewed in FIG. 2) of a spinous process 22 that extends posteriorly from the juncture of the two laminae. Two transverse processes 24 a and 24 b extend laterally from the laminae 20 a and 20 b, respectively. Two articular processes 26 a and 26 b extend superiorly from the laminae 20 a and 20 b respectively, and two articular processes 28 a and 28 b extend inferiorly from the laminae 20 a and 20 b, respectively. The inferior articular processes 28 a and 28 b rest in the superior articular process of the vertebra V2 to form a facet joint. Since the vertebrae V1-V4 are similar to the vertebrae V5, and since the vertebrae V6 and V7 are not involved in the present invention, they will not be described in detail.

It will be assumed that, for one or more of the reasons set forth above, the vertebrae V4 and V5 are not being adequately supported by the disc D4 and that it is therefore necessary to provide supplemental support and stabilization of these vertebrae. To this end, an intervertebral disc prosthetic device 30 according to an embodiment of the invention is implanted between the spinous processes 22 of the vertebrae V4 and V5 and is shown in detail in FIGS. 4A and 4B. The device 30 consists of a hollow cylinder 32 having closed ends and fabricated from a material, such as rubber, that allows it to be expanded, such as by inflation. To this end, one end of an inlet tube 34 registers with an opening in the cylinder 32 and the other end is adapted to be attached to a source of fluid, such as air. Thus, the fluid can be introduced into the cylinder 32 at a pressure and quantity that cause the cylinder to expand in a manner to be described.

A set of circumferential, non-expandable, retaining members, in the form of straps or rings, 36 extend around the cylinder 32 in a relatively tight fit. In the example shown in FIGS. 4A and 4B, there are three axially spaced members 36. As a result, when fluid is introduced into the cylinder 32 via the tube 34, the cylinder expands in the axial from the shape shown in FIG. 4A to the shape shown in FIG. 4B, while any expansion in the radial direction is constrained by the members 36.

A sensor 38 can be provided on the cylinder 32 to measure a parameter involved in the expansion, such as the pressure of the fluid in the cylinder. Thus, the amount of expansion can be determined when the fluid pressure reaches a predetermined value corresponding to the desired amount of expansion. In this case the sensor 38 would generate a corresponding output signal, and transmit it to the surgeon. Since the sensor 38 and the method of transmitting its output are conventional, they will not be described in further detail.

Referring to FIG. 5A, the device 30, in its non-expanded shape of FIG. 4A, is implanted between the respective spinous processes 22 of the vertebrae V4 and V5. Then, fluid is introduced into the cylinder 32, via the tube 34, causing the cylinder to expand in one plane which, in this example, is axially, until it expands to the expanded position of FIGS. 4B and 5B. In moving from the position of FIGS. 5A to 5B, the cylinder 32 engages the processes 22 and can move at least one of the processes to the position of FIG. 5B in which a predetermined spatial relationship is established between the processes. The presence of the implanted expanded cylinder 32 prevents the collapse of the intervertebral space between the adjacent vertebrae and thus stabilizes the spine.

In situations in which the desired final size of the implant is known from previous measurements or techniques, the sensor 38 can be deployed to measure the fluid pressure in the cylinder 32 required to establish that size. This allows the surgeon to terminate the expansion when the cylinder 32 is expanded to the extent that it establishes a predetermined spatial relationship between the processes. As discussed above, during this expansion movement, the cylinder 32 engages the processes 22 and can move at least one of the processes to establish the predetermined spatial relationship of FIG. 5B.

According to an alternate embodiment, before the implantation procedure, a liquid, such as saline, or the like, is introduced into the non-expanded cylinder 32 of FIG. 4A, via the tube 34, until the cylinder expands in one plane in the manner described above. When the cylinder 32 reaches the proper size to achieve the necessary spacing between, and stability of, the processes 22, the fluid is drained from the cylinder 32 via the tube 34, after which the cylinder 32 is inserted between the processes 22. The same amount of a curable, flowable material is then introduced into the cylinder 32 through the tube 34 causing expansion of the cylinder back to the above proper size. The expansion is terminated after the latter volume of material is depleted, and the material is then allowed to cure, or harden, to insure that the processes 22 are stabilized and maintained in a proper, predetermined spatial relation. During this technique one or both of the processes 22 may be moved as necessary to achieve the final stabilized position.

It is understood that the device 30 could be used in connection with another expandable device, similar to the device 30, that would be implanted before the device 30 in the same manner as described above. The other device would be expanded to achieve a desired distraction by introducing a fluid into the device, and then a characteristic of the fluid, such as pressure or volume, would be measured. This other device would then be removed and the device 30 inserted and expanded in the manner described above until the above fluid pressure or volume is achieved.

It is also understood that, in each of the above embodiments, the device 30 does not necessarily have to function as an implant as described in the example above, but rather can be used in other different procedures. For example, the device 30 can be inserted between the structures, such as the processes used in the above examples, and expanded to an extent that it engages and distracts, or moves, the structures in a direction away from each other, to permit another device, such as a prosthesis, to be implanted between the structures or in an area near the structures. According to another example, each device 30 can be inserted between the structures and expanded to an extent that it engages and distracts the structures to permit another surgical procedure to be performed in the space formed by the distraction. In each of these examples the device 30 would be released and removed after the procedure is completed.

Variations

It is understood that variations may be made in the foregoing without departing from the invention and examples of some variations are as follows:

-   -   (1) Another inflatable member of a different shape can replace         the cylinder 32, such as one having saddles at each end for         receiving the respective spinous processes.     -   (2) The types of fluid introduced into the cylinder 32 can be         varied.     -   (3) The particular location of the device 30 in the human         anatomy can be varied.     -   (4) The device 30 is not limited to use between spinous         processes but can be used in connection with other anatomical         structures.     -   (5) The fluid pressure sensor 38 can be replaced by other types         of sensors that sense parameters associated with the expansion         of the member 32, such as a sensor that senses force and         generates a corresponding output.     -   (6) The device 30 can be inserted between two vertebrae         following a corpectomy in which at least one vertebrae is         removed.     -   (7) The restraining members 26 can take forms, other than straps         or rings.     -   (8) Any spatial references made above, such as “under”, “over”,         “between”, “upper”, “lower”, “top”, “bottom”, etc. are for the         purpose of illustration only and do not limit the specific         orientation or location of the structure described above.

The preceding specific embodiments are illustrative of the practice of the invention. It is to be understood, therefore, that other expedients known to those skilled in the art or disclosed herein, may be employed without departing from the invention or the scope of the appended claims, as detailed above. In the claims, means-plus-function clauses are intended to cover the structures described herein as performing the recited function and not only structural equivalents but also equivalent structures. Thus, although a nail and a screw may not be structural equivalents in that a nail employs a cylindrical surface to secure wooden parts together, whereas a screw employs a helical surface, in the environment of fastening wooden parts, a nail and a screw are equivalent structures. 

1. A surgical implantation procedure comprising: inserting an expandable member between anatomical structures; expanding the member in one plane to cause relative movement between the structures; and terminating the step of expanding when the structures are in a predetermined spatial relationship.
 2. The procedure of claim 1 wherein the step of expanding comprises constraining the expansion of the member in all planes but the one.
 3. The procedure of claim 1 wherein the step of expanding comprises introducing a fluid into the interior of the member.
 4. The procedure of claim 3 wherein the step of expanding comprises constraining the expansion of the member in all planes but the one when the fluid is introduced.
 5. The procedure of claim 3 further comprising sensing the pressure of the fluid and terminating the step of expanding when the pressure reaches a predetermined value.
 6. The procedure of claim 1 further comprising sensing when the expansion reaches a predetermined amount, and then terminating the step of expanding.
 7. The procedure of claim 6 wherein the step of expanding comprises introducing a fluid into the interior of the member, and wherein the step of sensing comprises the step of sensing the pressure of the fluid and terminating the step of expanding when the pressure reaches a predetermined value.
 8. The procedure of claim 1 wherein the structures are two spinal processes.
 9. The procedure of claim 1 wherein the step of expanding causes movement of at least one of the structures, and is terminated when the structures are stabilized in the predetermined spatial relationship.
 10. The procedure of claim 1 wherein the step of expanding comprises: introducing a volume of liquid into the expandable member until the member expands to a predetermined size; removing the liquid from the member to cause the member to retract; inserting the member between the structures; introducing the same volume of a curable liquid into the member causing the member to expand back to the predetermined size; and allowing the curable liquid to cure to stabilize the structures.
 11. The procedure of claim 1 further comprising inserting another expandable device between the anatomical structures before the first-mentioned step of inserting, expanding the other device by introducing a fluid into the device, measuring a characteristic of the fluid that is required in order to achieve a desired distraction, and removing the other device.
 12. The procedure of claim 11 wherein the step of expanding the member comprises introducing fluid into the member until the required characteristic of the fluid is obtained.
 13. The procedure of claim 12 wherein the characteristic is the pressure or volume of the fluid.
 14. A surgical device comprising: an expandable member adapted to be inserted between anatomical structures; a constraint supported by the member; and means for expanding the member while the constraint prevents expansion in all planes but one to engage and move the structures to a predetermined spatial relationship.
 15. The device of claim 14 wherein the expanding means comprises means for introducing a fluid into the interior of the member.
 16. The device of claim 15 further comprising a sensor for sensing the pressure of the fluid and terminating the expansion when the pressure reaches a predetermined value.
 17. The device of claim 14 further comprising means for sensing when the expansion reaches a predetermined amount.
 18. The device of claim 14 wherein the expanding means comprises means for introducing a fluid into the interior of the member, and further comprising a sensor for sensing the pressure of the fluid when the pressure reaches a predetermined value.
 19. The device of claim 14 wherein the structures are two spinal processes.
 20. A surgical implantation procedure comprising: inserting an expandable member between anatomical structures; introducing a volume of liquid into the expandable member until the member expands to a predetermined size corresponding to a predetermined spatial relation between the structures; removing the liquid from the member to cause the member to retract, inserting the member between the structures; introducing the same volume of a curable liquid into the member causing the member to expand back to the predetermined size; and allowing the curable liquid to cure.
 21. The procedure of claim 20 further comprising constraining the expansion of the member in all planes but one.
 22. The procedure of claim 20 further comprising sensing the pressure of the fluid and terminating the step of expanding when the pressure reaches a predetermined value.
 23. The procedure of claim 20 further comprising sensing when the expansion reaches a predetermined amount, and then terminating the step of expanding.
 24. The procedure of claim 20 wherein the step of expanding comprises introducing a fluid into the interior of the member, and wherein the step of sensing comprises the step of sensing the pressure of the fluid and terminating the step of expanding when the pressure reaches a predetermined value.
 25. The procedure of claim 20 wherein the structures are two spinal processes.
 26. The procedure of claim 20 wherein the step of expanding causes movement of at least one of the structures, and is terminated when the structures are stabilized in the predetermined spatial relationship. 